Inside every living cell, tiny molecular machines are constantly in motion, shifting shapes, tugging on membranes and shuttling ions from one side to the other. That restless activity does more than ...

Every time you switch on a light or charge a phone, electricity begins a journey that often stretches hundreds of kilometres.

When a solid and a liquid come into contact, charged entities on both sides push one another apart. This phenomenon is known as charge separation, and it creates an electric double layer—a layer each ...