A bytearray is really an ASCII string, but there are some small but important differences between them and Unicode strings. The first thing is that, while you can uses indexing and slicing, a single ...

It it now time to look at grouping bits together to form bytes. Python is unusual in that it can represent a bit pattern of arbitrary length using its bignum data type. Most other languages have to ...

The dreaded UnicodeDecodeError exception is one of the signature "features" of Python 3. It is raised when the language encounters a byte sequence that it cannot ...

I need to write some tests for a system speaking FIX protocol, written in Java. Standard FIX uses ASCII 0x01 as a delimiter on the wire. I find myself struggling to express those FIX messages with a ...